WORDWISE - PLUS Computer Concepts Gaddesden Place Hemel Hempstead Herts HP2 6EX FUNCTION KEYS The Function keys can be used in three differant ways in WORDWISE-PLUS. A Pressing just the function key B Pressing the function key while the SHIFT key is held down C Pressing the function key while both the CTRL and SHIFT keys are held down A - Pressing the function keys on their own If these keys are pressed on their own then one of ten functions will be activated. f0 Insert or Over This changes between insert and overwrite modes. On the right of the status line, after the character count, there is displayed either a capital I or O telling you which mode you are in. f1 Greenf1 then entering the command followed by f2. See the chapter on embedded commands for more detail. f2 Whitef3 Markersf4 Move cursor to? Once pressed this key will ask you to enter a character. The cursor will then move down the text until it finds the next occurence of this character. As well as the ordinary textual characters, you can also move to a marker or even the green and white characters. This can be done by pressing f4 followed by either f1,f2,or f3. f5 Word count to? Like the previous key this will ask you to enter a single character. Once entered, Wordwise-Plus will then count the number of words between the current position & the first occurence of this character, showing the result on the left of the status line. The total count for the whole text will now be lost but can be recovered using the command RECOUNT. f6 Delete to? Like the previous two functions this waits until you type a character and then searches for its first occurance. Now however, all the text between the current cursor position and this point is deleted. If more than around 250 characters are to be deleted then it will ask if you are sure before carrying it out. f7 Delete Marked Text f7,f8 and f9 are all concerned with marked sections of text. See f3 for a description of a marked section. This key will delete both of the markers and all of the text between them. f8 Move marked text This will move your marked section of text to the position of the cursor. The cursor will be left at the start of the section that has just been moved and both of the markers will be deleted. f9 Copy marked section Like f8 this will insert your marked section of text at the position of the cursor. But unlike f8, f9 merely makes a copy of the text and does not remove it from its original position. The markers are not removed from the text so that you can make multiple copies of the same section. If when trying either f7, f8 or f9 the computer beeps and the message 'MARKERS' flashes at the top of the screen, this indicates that there has been an error. This could be because there is not a marked section to work with or that the cursor is currently between the two markers. It is not possible to move a marked section into the middle of itself! B - Using the function keys while holding down SHIFT Holding down SHIFT and pressing a function key makes the computer try to run a program in the segment corresponding to the function key pressed. If there is no program in that segment then one of two things can happen. If there is nothing in it then nothing will happen but if there is text in it rather than a program then an error will occur. Running programs in this way will also work when either of the menus is on the screen. C - Using the function keys with both CTRL and SHIFT held down. As in Basic, you can program the function keys yourself using the COMMAND, *KEY. The major difference is that to operate these in the same way you must hold both CTRL and SHIFT down at the same time as pressing the function key. For example, suppose we program function key 4 from menu by typing *KEY 4 CHAPTER If we now go into Edit Mode by pressing the ESCAPE key and then press CTRL, SHIFT and f4 the word "CHAPTER" will be inserted in the text. EMBEDDED COMMANDS In the previos chapter the effect of pressing various keys has been described. This chapter concentrates on "embedded commands"- that is commands which you embed in the document that you are writing. These embedded commands control the layout of the document when it is printed but have no real effect on the computer screen when you are typing the document in. There are many embedded commands but you will probably only use about 8 or 10 of them regularly. Each person uses a word processor in a differant way and it is doubtful if anyone will learn to use all the commands in each document. So don't be put off by the apparent complexity of some of the descriptions - just ignore the problems! These are the embedded commands that you will probably use most often: TI - which causes a temporary indent, for example the first line in a paragraph is usually indented about 8 spaces using the command f1 TI8 f2 CE - which causes a line to be automatically centred on the page. EP - which tells the computer to break your document into pages. In fact you can safely ignore the rest at first. As mentioned above, these commands are embedded in your text and you need some way to tell the computer to treat these two letters as commands rather than to print them in your document. Function key"f1" is used to mark the start of an embedded command and "f2" is used to mark the end of the command. So putting f1 CE f2 Hi there in your document will make the computer produce Hi there when you tell the computer to print the document out. Quite often you will use a succesion of embedded commands. In this case you should place an f2 at the end of the sequence only and NOT between each embedded command. Thus f1 EP f1 PN 5 f1 LM 10 f1 TS 15 f2 Other embedded commands control the size of the left margin (LM)-e.g. LM10 gives a left margin of 10 character positions-about 25 mm. The pages which follow explain each of the commands. They are listed in alphabetical order. For the more advanced user Embedded commands should be terminated with either an f2 or a RETURN If an embedded command is terminated with f2 then it should not also be terminated with a RETURN. If it is then the RETURN will be printed. *COMMANDS * Operating system call Example f1 *cat f2 f1 *info c* f2 The * embedded command can be placed in text and the whole of the rest of the line, upto the next RETURN will call the operating system in the usual way. The resulting output will be sent to the printer or screen. Note that Wordwise-Plus is unable to keep track of the number of lines sent to the printer by the operating system and, therefore, will be unaware of the position of the printed page in the printer. If paging has been enabled, with the EP command, the rest of the text from the document in memory may well be incorrectly placed on the printed output. However previewing the output before printing will enable the user to make the necessary adjustments. BP - Begin Page Example f1 BP f2 f1 bp f2 This command unceremoniously forces the computer to print out the current line, so far assembled, and to start a new page together with footers and headers that have been defined with the DF and DH commands. The BP command only works if paged output has been previously requested with the Enable Paging (EP) command. A BP command placed as the very last entry in the text will ensure that the printer output finishes at the bottom of a page. If there is no BP command then the printer will be stopped in the middle of a page - when it runs out of text. Note: When ending a document the f1 BP must not be followed by anything else - not even an f2 or a RETURN otherwise the heading for the following page will be output. BS - Bottom Space Examples f1 BS7 f2 f1 bs 0 f2 f1 bs 1 f2 If you have told the computer to split your document into pages - by placing an EP command at the start of your text, then you may wish to alter the number of blank lines at the bottom of each page. This Bottom Space, as it is known, is set to 6 lines by default. The total number of lines on a page is set by PL and the top and bottom spaces are controlled by TS and BS. The defaults are PL66, TS6 and BS6 which means that each page contains 66-12, that is 54 printed lines of text. Remember that these commands only work after an EP command. BS may have any value in the range zero to 50. Values outside this range are taken as BS6. A page footer may be placed in the Bottom Space using the Define Footer (DF) command. There is now a default footer equivalent to f1 DF f1 CE f2 PAGE f1 PP f2 which prints the word "PAGE" and the current page number,centered. CE - Centre Example f1 CE f2 If you wish to centre text then you can centre 1 or more lines by preceeding the text with the CEcommand. CI - Cancel Indents Example f1 ci f2 f1 CI f2 This command cancels any indents that have been set up with the IN command. After the CI command all text will start at the left margin. CI has exactly the same effect as INO. The CI command takes effect at the start of the next printed line. CO - Continuous Output Example f1 CO f2 f1 co f2CO command cancels paging and all its associated commands such as Define Header (DH), Define Footer (DF), Top Space (TS), Bottom Space (BS), Page Length (PG), Page Number (PN), Conditional Page (CP). To use any of these commands you must have the Enable Paging (EP) command in force and not the Continuous Output (CO) command. By default the computer will assume that you want Continuous Output. CP - Conditional Page Example f1 CP 10 f2 f1 cp 15 f2 f1 cp S% f2 When you have enabled paging with the Enable Paging (EP) command then the computer will automatically start new pages. If you wish to ensure that a table or paragraph is not split over a page boundary, then you can use the Conditional Page command to force a new page if there is insufficient space left on the present page. For example if you have a 10 line table of results you would be wise to precede the table with the command f1 CP11 f2 which will force a new page if there are less than 11 lines left on the page. The CP command does take account of the Page Length (PL) and Bottom Space (BP) settings. DE - Double-strike End Example f1 de f2 f1 DE f2 If you have issued the DS (Double-strike Start) command to cause the printer to double strike all characters, then you should use the DE command to return the printer to its single-strike mode. The command sends a series of control codes to the printer. It is set up to operate with Epson related printers. The sequence that it generates by default is 27,72 or H as it is sometimes shown in printer manuals. If you wish to generate a differant control sequence for another printer then you can use the "RPS 3" command to change the codes produced by the DE command. By default, DE has exactly the same effect as:- Print Sequence 3 (RPS3) or OC 27,72 or ES "H" When previewing in 80 column mode text which the printer will double-strike is shown in inverted video. DF - Define Footer Example f1 DF f2 f1 CE f2 Chapter 1 f1 dF f2 f1 ce f2 Chapter 1. Page-f1 pp f2 You may define a line of text that will be placed at the foot of every page in the Bottom Space. By default the Bottom Space is set to 6 lines and the footer is placed 3 lines into the Bottom Space. The Bottom Space allocation can be changed with the BS command and the Footer Position in the Bottom Space may be set with the FP command. All the text and commands following f1 DF f2 ,up to the next will be treated as part of the footer. As you will see from the first example the footer can be centred by including the CE command. The sequence f1 DF f1 CE f2 Chapter 1 will place the text "Chapter 1" in the centre of line 4 at the bottom of every page. If you wish to place the page number in the footer then use the f1 pp f2 (Print Page number) command.The sequence f1 DF f2 Section 1-page f1 pp f2 will print Section 1-page 1 as a footer to each page. The page number will be automatically incremented for each new page. DH - Define the Header Examples f1 DH f1 CE f2 Chapter 1 f1 dh f1 ce f2 Chapter 1. Page- f1 pp f2 You may define a line of text that will be placed at the head of every page in the Top Space. The default Top Space is 6 lines and the header is placed on line 3 in the top space-though this may be changed with the HP command. All the text and commands following f1 DH f2 will be treated as part of the header. As you will see from the first example the header can be centred by including the CE command. The sequence f1 DH f1 CE f2 Chapter 1 will place the text "Chapter 1" in the centre of line 3 at the top of every page. If you wish to place the page number in the header then use the f1 pp f2 (Print Page number) command. The sequence f1 DH f2 Section 1-Page f1 pp f2 will print Section 1-Page 1 as a header to each page. The page number will automatically increment for each new page. You may, or may not wish to have the header printed on the very first page of your document. If you DO want the header on page one then make the verey first line of your text contain the Enable Paging (EP) command and the Define Header (DH) command thus f1 EP f1 DH f1 CE f2 Chapter 1 On the other hand if you wish Wordwise-Plus to omit the header on the first page then just Define the Header when you have printed at least two lines. This way Wordwise-Plus will not know about the header until it is to late to print it on page 1! e.g. f1 EP f2 RETURN RETURN f1 DH f1 CE f2 Chapter 1 DM - DISABLE MESSAGE "paper" Examples f1 dm f2 f1 DM f2 If the command Enable Message (EM) has been issued together with the Enable Paging (EP) command then the printer will stop at the bottom of every page. This allows the user to insert more paper. The computer "beeps" and prints a message on the screen. The command DM disables this mode of operation. DP - Define Pound sign Examples f1 DP35 f2 f1 dp96 f2 There is no international agreement on the code needed to make a printer print the "pound sterling" sign (`) As a result you may wish to alter the code sent to the printer when the computer finds a ` sign in your text. By default Wordwise-Plus will send a code 96. To produce ` signs on an Epson you will need to select the U.K. character set on the printer. If your printer is not already set up for this character set then you should place f1 ES"R",3 f2 at the start of your text to select the correct character set on the printer. Then you should tell Wordwise-Plus to generate the code 35 when it wishes to print a ` sign. Use the command f1 dp35 f2 to achieve this. Of course the two commands can be joined together as f1 ES"R",3 f1 DP35 f2 Note that these codes apply only to Epson and Epson compatible printers. DS - Double-strike Start This command will cause certain printers to double-strike characters thus making them appear darker. It provides a way of emphasising text. The command sends a series of control codes to the printer. It is set up to operate with Epson related printers. The sequence that is generated by default is 27,71 or G as it is sometimes shown in printer manuals. When previewing in 80 column mode text which the printer will double-strike is shown in inverted video.DT - Define Tab-stops Examples f1 DT 10,22,35,44,60 f2 When you press the TAB key you will see an arrow appear on the screen. This arrow indicates that you have placed a TABulation character in the text. When the text is printed out Wordwise-Plus will, when it meets a TAB character, print out spaces until it is on one of the pre-defined tab positions. By default these are column positions 10, 20, 30, 40 etc. Notice that the use of the TAB character will enable columns to be easily produced. EM - ENABLE MESSAGE Examples f1 EM f2 f1 em f2 When you are printing you will probably normally use continuous paper - often called fan-fold paper. After printing you can tear the seperate sheets apart along the perforations. The alternative is to use seperate sheets of paper. In this case it is essential that the computer pauses at the bottom of each page to give you time to insert the next sheet of paper. The command EM forces the computer to pause - and to help draw your attention, it makes a beep and prints a message on the screen. To disable the pause and message use the command DM. The default condition is that no messages are shown and fan-fold paper is assumed - the computer keeps printing one page after another. EP - Enable Paging Examples f1 ep f2 f1 EP f2 The EP command tells the computer to split the printed output into pages, rather than produce one long, continuous, page. When you first enter Wordwise-Plus the computer is set to produce a single document without page breaks. If you wish to: break the text up into pages or use page numbers or use page footers or use page headers then you must use the EP command at the top of your text - normally as the VERY FIRST thing in the file and IMMEDIATELY followed by any Define Header command-e.g. f1 EP f1 DHChapter 1 f2 To return to Continuous Output(no page breaks) you can use the CO command. ES - Escape Sequence Examples f1 es f2 f1 ES, A%, &55, "R", 20 f2 Many printers require a sequence of characters called an "Escape sequence" to select, for example, different character fonts.The ES command helps the user to send such sequences to the printer. f1 ES f2 by itself will just send an ESCAPE code - ASCII 27. f1 ES 52 f2 would send two codes to the printer; ASCII 27 followed by 52. On the Epson this sequence would select italic printing. f1 ES "R",8 f2 would produce a three character sequence consisting of the codes 27,82 and 8. Again, on the Epson this would select the USA character font. Note that the codes can be given in various ways: character - e.g. "R" decimal - e.g. 10 hexadecimal - e.g. &34 binary - e.g. %10101110 octal - e.g. @377 The first code can be placed next to the ES but subsiquent codes should be seperated with commas: f1 ES"D","E","M","O",32,&31,@171 f2 Note that, as usual, the command line must not extend beyond the end of the line. FI - Fully Indent Examples f1 FI f2 address f1 fi f2 A$ Text normally clings to the left hand margin.There are occasions where it would be useful to make it cling to the right hand margin and the Fully Indent (FI) command does this for a single line of text. For example the text f1 fi f2 Computer Concepts RETURN f1 fi f2 Gaddesden Place RETURN f1 fi f2 Hemel Hempstead RETURN f1 fi f2 Herts RETURN f1 fi f2 HP2 6EX RETURN will print as Computer Concepts Gaddesden Place Hemel Hemstead Herts HP2 6EX Note that the FI command takes all text up to the next RETURN of the text to be acted on. FP - Footing Position Examples f1 FP 3 f2 f1 fp5 f2 f1 FP A% f2 When A footing has been defined with the DF command you may wish to have the footing printed out at some other position in the Bottom Space than the default. You can alter the position of the footing within the Bottom Space by the use of the FP command. This command will only have an efect if: firstly paging has been enabled with the EP command and secondly a footing has been defined with a DF command. FP can be followed by a number between zero and the value of BS-the number of lines in the Bottom Space. If the value is larger than BS the footer will not be printed. GF - Get File Examples f1 GF f2 "tempfil" f1 gf f2 A$ When a document is being printed it is sometimes convenient to be able to pull in some text from a disc or cassette file. The Get File command will accept text from a file and insert it into the printed output. This command does not process or alter the text in any way before passing it to the printer. It is therfore possible to print a file which contains complex printer commands - for example a printer graphics dump. If you have a routine which will produce a screen dump on a printer then you can save the sequence of bytes being sent to the printer by typing *SPOOL before running the dump routine, and *spool after the dump has finished. The thus created can then be inserted into your document in the middle of the text stream. The inevitable penalty that has to be paid for this flexibility in driving the printer is that Wordwise-Plus can be unaware of the position of the paper at the end of the file that has been read in. Another Wordwise-Plus command, Print File (PF), is provided for use when you wish to read in a file and want to obey all the embedded format commands in the file. HP - Heading Position Examples f1 HP 3 f2 f1 hp5 f2 f1 HP A% f2 When a heading has been defined with the DH command you may wish to have the heading printed out at some other position in the Top Space other than the default. You can alter the position of the heading within the Top Space by use of the HP command. This command will only have an effect if: firstly paging has been enabled with EP command and secondly a heading has been defined with a DH command. HP can be followed by a number between zero and the value of TS-the number of lines in the Top Space. If the value is larger than TS the header will not be printed. IN - Indent Examples f1 IN0 f2 f1 in 15 f2 f1 iN A% f2 IN is used to set an indent so that all lines start indented from the left margin. LM10 and IN10 have the same effect as setting LM20. In both cases the first printed character will be preceded by 20 spaces on the left. However ther are differences and the LM command should be used to control overall page size whilst the indent commands should be used to control individual lines within the total layout. To cancel an indent you can either use f1 IN0-literally set an indent of zero -or the special command f1 CI f2 (Cancel Indent) which has exactly the same effect. A frequent requirement is to cause the first line of a paragraph to start to the left of the rest of the parargraph. There are several ways of achieving this but the following are suggested. To produce a 'left hanging indent': set the main indent first then set a Temporary Indent of zero for the first line. Thus f1 IN10 f1 TI0 f2 A new poster had suddenly appeared all over London. It had no caption, and represented simply the monstrous figure of a Eurasian soldier, three or four metres high... produces A new poster had suddenly appeared all over London. It had no caption, and represented simply the monstrous figure of a Eurasian soldier, three or four metres high... An alternative technique is to place thef1 IN10 f2 command AFTER the first word in the line, thus A f1in10f2 new poster suddenly appeared all over London. It had no caption, and represented simply the monstrous figure of a Eurasian soldier, three or four metres high... this produces the same effect since the INdent command will have arrived too late to effect the current line. Examples f1 jof2 f1 JO f2 Justified text has a straight right marhin as well as a straight left margin. Wordwise-Plus places as many words as possible on each line but does not spread the words out so that the right margin is straight. If you want a straight right margin then place a JO command at the start of your text. The first paragraph is shown as Wordwise-Plus would normally produce it. The second paragraph is shown justified - as it would be produced with the JO command. Although it is excruciatingly rich, horrifyingly sunny and more full of wonderfully exciting people than a pomegranate is full of pips, it can hardly be insignificant that, when a recent edition of "Playbeing" magazine headlined an article with the words 'When you are tired of Ursa Minor Beta you are tired of life', the suicide rate there quadrupled overnight. It is a West zone planet which by an inexplicable and somewhat suspicious freak of topography consists almost entirely of sub-tropical coastline. By an equally suspicious freak of temporal relastatics, it is nearly always Saturday afternoon just before the beach bars close. From - The Restaurant at the End of the Universe by Douglas Adams. LL - Line Length Examples f1 ll L% f2 f1 LL 66 f2 The LL command is used to set the maximum number of characters that can be printed across the page. If there is no left margin (LM0) then settingLL50 would cause lines of 50 characters and spaces to be printed. On the other hand LL50 and LM15 together would make each line consist of 15 blank spaces followed by text in the next 50 character positions. The computer will assume LL70 and LM0 so that printed output fits into normal printer paper which is 8.5 inches wide and A4 paper which is 8.25 inches wide. Printers normally print 10 characters per inch so there is room for an absolute maximum of 85 characters on normal printer paper. Setting LL70 gives a maximum of 7 inches of print with a half inch margin on the left. You might think that this will result in a one inch margin on the right - and so it should! However printer paper is invariably inserted so that the printer starts about a quarter of an inch from the edge of the paper and the text will, in fact, end up centred on the page. Why do people set the paper up like this? Well when printing BASIC listings it is essential to have something of a margin so the printer paper is usually inserted to allow for this! The computer attempts to put as many words as possible into each line without splitting any word in half. However if the word is longer than the line words may be split in "half" - for example f1 LL24 f2 The East Fichly Antidisestablishmentarianist co-operative meets on Fridays. The East Fichley Antidisestablishmentarianist co-operative meets on Fridays. LM - Left Margin Examples f1 LM5 f2 f1 lm 15 f2 f1 LMV% f2 The LM command sets the number of blank spaces that are printed at the start of each line. It should be used (in conjunction with Line Length) to set the overall layout of the page. If a single line is to be printed with a differant indent from the left hand side of the page then the Temorary Indent (TI) should be used. The default value for LM is 0 which means that, unless you tell the computer otherwise, it will start every line at the first possible printing position. LM can be followed by a number between 0 and 150, values outside this range behave as if LM0 had been entered. Note that setting the left margin does not change the printed line length so increasing the LM will shift both the left and right hand edges of the document to the right. The whole of the printed text will move across the page without changing the format in any other way. LNE - Line Number End Examples f1 LNE f2 f1 lne f2 This turns OFF line numbering. See the next entry, LNS, to find out how and why to turn it on in the first place. LNS - Line Number Start Examples f1 lns f2 f1 LNS f2 When you are trying to arrange text on a page it is sometimes very useful to be able to preview the text in its formatted form using menu option 7 - and to have line numbers shown as well. This is particularly useful when trying to set the Top Space or Bottom Space, or trying to fit a Footer in the right position in the Bottm Space; using the Footer Position command. The commands Line Number Start(LNS) and Line Number End(LNE) enable you to turn line numbering on and off as you move through the document. You may also find it useful to place markers around the section of the document that you are interested in so that you don't have the rest of the document previewed as well. If line numbering is on when previewing a marked section then the line numbers will show exactly where on the printed page the previewed section belongs. The command will take account of all previous embedded commands. Line numbers are inserted in front of the first character of each line. It may cause long lines to split-over onto the following screen line. LS - Line Spacing Examples f1 ls2 f2 f1 LS D% f2 When writing articles that are to be sub-edited it is normal to leave a blank line between each printed line. This can be done by inserting a f1 LS2 f2 command at the start of your text. To return to the normal 'print on every line' setting you can use either f1 LS1 f2 or f1 SS f2 NJ - No Justification Examples f1 nj f2 f1 NJ f2 Newspapers always 'justify' their lines, that is spread the words out so that they always fill the full column width. Wordwise-Plus will produce justified text if the command Justify On (JO) is used. If, having used JO , you wish to return to non justified printout then you should insert a NJ command. See the command JO for examples of justified and non-justified print. OC - Output Control code Examples f1 OC15 f2 f1 OC7,18,22 f2 There are occasions when you will need to send characters to the printer only - for example to select the condensed print mode offered by some printers. The OC command will enable you to send any sequence of characters that you wish. For example, on the Epson, Condensed mode is enabled by sending a CHR$(18) to the printer. To do this place the command f1 OC f2 in the text. Since so many of the special printer commands start with an ESC code (27) a special command is provided, in Wordwise-Plus, to send that code followed by other codes. See the command ES for more details. PA - Pause Examples f1 pa f2 f1 PA f2 If you wish to pause at some stage during the printing of a document then you can do so with the PA command. This is useful, for example, if you wish to change the daisey wheel on a printer in the middle of a document. When you wish to continue printing you just press the SPACEBAR to continue. This command also operates during preview and spool operations. PC - Pad Character definition Examples f1 PC "%" f2 f1 PCA$ f2 f1 pc"#" f2 When text is being justified, that is after the JO command has been met, words will be spread out along the line so as to give a straight right margin. Justification works by increasing the spaces between words-it will never places spaces between letters in a word. If you wish to keep a certain fixed distance between words then instead of spaces between the words you can place "pad characters". When the text is printed Wordwise-Plus will substitute a single space for each pad character AFTER the line has been justified. The normal, default, pad character is " " but you may change it using the PC command. Thus f1 PC"%" f2 %%%%1%%%%2%%%%3%%%%4 will also be printed 1 2 3 4 Note that the syntax of the PC command has changed from that used in previous versions of Wordwise where it was f2 PC% f2. The new syntax f1 PC"%" f2 has been introduced to permit strings (e.g. D$ in which case it uses the first character of the string) to be used to define the Pad Character. Just place the character in quotes when using Wordwise-Plus. PF - Print File Examples f1 pf A$ f2 f1 PF"INSERT" f2 The Print File command enables another file to be included in the output produced when a file is printed, previewed or spooled. All embedded commands in the included file will be obeyed exept for a request for a further included file. This command can be used to join together a number of standard paragraphs into a form letter. For example: f1 PF"address" f2 Dear Mr. Jones, We thank you for your order for a technical manual for your product which is now nearing completion. f1 PF"terms" f2 It would however be most helpful if we could have a complete product before we hand over the manuscript. f1 PF"sincerely" f2 PL - Page Length Examples f1 PL66 f2 f1 pl 30 f2 f1 pl R%+10 f2 Normal computer printer paper is 11 inches long and printers usually print 6 lines per inch - so there are 66 lines per page. The PL command is used to set the overall page length. The default value is 66. In the unusual case that you are using A4 paper in your printer then set PL72. In practice it looks better to leave some space at the top and bottom of a page.These "top space" and "bottom space" areas are each set to 6 lines by default so when you create a document on Wordwise it will only have 54 printed lines on each page. As indicated above you can tell the computer to assume a differant page length if using A4 or foolscap paper and you can also alter the Top Space and Bottom Space with the TS & BS commands. The default value of PL is 66.Use PL 72 for A4 paper and PL 78 for foolscap. Note that the PL command only takes effect if the computer has been told to Enable Paging. Unless you place an EP command at the start of your text the computer will not seperate your document into pages and thus the PL command, and other page related commands, will have no effect. PN - Page Number Examples f1 PN11 f2 f1 pn100 f2 f1 pnP%+3 f2 When paged output has been selected, by the Enable Paging(EP) command, then it is possible to print out the page number at the bottom of each page. In fact, by default, Wordwise-Plus will print PAGE 1 in the centre of Bottom Space of the first page when paging has been selected. If you have a very large document split into a number of files - a prudent way of working - then you will want to set the page number to be used for the first page of each file. This is done by using the PN command. During printing the page number is held in the numeric variable P% so you can use f1 PN P%+2 to force the Page Number to be increased by 2 before being printed at the bottom of the current page. PP - Print Page number Examples f1 PP f2 f1 pp f2 The PP command can be used to print out the current page number at any point in a document. Thus Here on page f1ppf2 we are dealing with the Print Page command will produce Here on we are dealing with the Print Page command.(Obviously the page number would be the current one). If, when printing, you wish to split the document into pages then you must use the Enable Paging (EP) command at the start of your document. By default the computer will print the word "PAGE" and the current page number at the bottom of each page. If you wish you may set up a different footer with the Define Footer (DF) command and this footer can include the page number at any position you wish. PS - Print String Examples f1 PS A$ f2 f1 PS f1 CE f2 This command will produce and insert a string into a file as it is being printed, previewed or spooled. Since the current filename is held in F$ one can easily automatically include the working filename in headers or footers. RPS - Redefine Print Sequence Examples f1 RPS4,27,33,40 f2 f1 RPS9,54 f2 f1 Rps A%,B%,C% f2 There are 10 possible defined sequences that can be set up and sent to the printer on command. Four of these sequences(number OPS0 to OPS3) are initially set up but all may be re-defined using the Redefine Print Sequence (RPS) command. Initially the sequences are set up thus OPS0İUnderlineStartİUSİESC"."1İ27,45,1 OPS1İUnderline endİUEİESC"."0İ27,45,0 OPS2İDouble-strike StartİDSİESC"G"İ27,71 OPS3İDouble-Strike EndİDEİESC"H"İ27,72 To redefine OPS7 to produce an italic character set on the Epson printer requires the following embedded command: f1RPS 7,27,52 f2 which is shown in the printer manual as ESC"E". The ASCII code for ESC is 27, and for "E" is 52. A maximum of five characters can be assigned to any one programmable sequence. SEG - Executes a program in a segment Examples f1 SEG 1 f2 f1 seg A% f2 A segment can be called from within a piece of text. The segment itself might well contain a program to print out text, or to change the values of such things as Line Length. SP - SPace - insert blank lines Examples f1 SP10 f2 f1 sp3 f2 f1 sp A% f2 This command inserts a number of blank lines in the text. For example inserting the code f1 SP2 f2 at this point will immediately cause two blank lines to be printed out followed by the remaining text. SS - Single Spacing Examples f1 SS f2 f1 ss f2 If you have used the command LS to increase the line spacing, then you can make the computer revert to single spacing by issuing the SS command. For example the text İİf1 LS f2 İİLine one İİLine two İİLine three f1 SS f2 İİLine four İİLine five İİLine six will print as İİLine one İİLine two İİLine three İİLine four İİLine five İİLine six TI - Temporary Indent Examples f1 TI0 f2 f1 ti 15 f2 f1 Ti B% f2 The TI command has two effects: firstly it causes the text immediately following the command to be placed on the next line down; and secondly it indents that line, only. This is particularly useful for starting paragraphs, where the command TI 10 will produce all the normal formatting. Thus the text: Dear Jetta f1 ti10 f2Many thanks for the draftsf1 ci f2 produces Dear Jetta Many thanks for the drafts TS - Top Space Examples f1 TS 7 f2 f1 ts 0 f2 If you have told the computer to split your document into pages - by placing an EP command at the start of your text, then you may wish to alter the number of blank lines at the top of each page. The Top Space, as it is known, is set to 6 lines by default. The total number of lines on a page is set by PL and the top and bottom spaces are controlled by TS and BS. The defaults are PL66, TS6 and BS6 which means that each page contains 66-12, that is 54 printed lines of text. Remember that these commands only work after an EP command. TS may have any value in the range zero to 50. Values outside this range are taken as TS6. Embedded Commands Referance List CommandİRangeİDefaultİİBreakİFunctions BPİİ noİİyesİBegin new page BS A%İ0 to 50İ 6İİİBottom Space CEİ1 to 200İ 1İİyesİCentre line(s) CIİİ noİİİCancel Indent COİİ yesİİİContinuous Output CP A%İ0 to PLİİİyesİConditional Page DEİİ 27,72İİİDouble-strike End DFİİ f1CEf2pagef1ppf2İİDefine Footer DHİİİİİDefine Header DMİİİİİDisable Message "Paper" DPİ32 to 255İ 96İİİDefine Pound DSİİ 27,71İİİDouble-strike Start DTİ0 to 180İ 10,20İİİDefine Tabs EMİİ noİİİEnable Message "Paper" EPİİ noİİİEnable Paging ESİİ noneİİİEscape Sequence FIİİ noİİİFully Indent FP A%İ0 to BSİ 3İİİFooting Position GFİİ noİİİGet from File HP A%İ0 to TSİ 3İİİHeader Position IN A%İ0 to LL-10İ 0İİİINdent JOİİ noİİİJustify On LL A%İ10 to 180İ 70İİİLine Length LM A%İ0 to 150İ 0İİİLeft Margin LNEİİ noİİİLine Number End LNSİİ noİİİLine Number Start LS A%İ1 to 50İ 1İİİLine Spacing NJİİ yesİİİNo Justification OC A%,A%İİ noneİİİOutput Control code(s) OPS A%İ0 to 9İ noneİİİOutput Print Sequence OS A%İİ noneİİİOperating System call PAİİ offİİİPAuse PC A%İ"!"to"z"İİİİPad Character PF A%İİ noİİyesİPrint File PL A%İ10 to 200İ 66İİİPage Length PN A%İ0 to 65535İ noİİİPage Number PPİİ noİİİPrint Page number PS A$İİİİİPrint String RPS A%,A%İ0 to 9İİİİRedefine Sequence SEG A%İİİİİexecute SEGment SP A%İ0 to 200İ 0İİyesİSPace down lines SSİİ yesİİİSingle Space TI A%İ0 to ll-10İ 0İİyesİTemporary Indent TS A%İ0 to 50İ 6İİİTop Space UEİİ noİİİUnderline End USİİ noİİİUnderline Start 'Break' column indicates if it forces a new line when printing